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The Importance of Keyboard ESD Protection
Since the dawn of computers, the keyboard has been the primary communication mechanism between human and machines. Over the years, many technologies and interfaces have changed, but the keyboard has barely changed in both form and function. Recently, I bought an exclusive wireless keyboard. Initially, it communicated with the computer via Bluetooth without any issues. However, after a month or so, it suddenly stopped. When I opened the internal circuit, I was surprised that the keys had no electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection. Any electronic device's keypad, side keys or push buttons are vulnerable to ESD due to constant human interaction with them. Adding ESD protection devices in a keyboard/keypad/side keys can avoid disastrous situations such as the failure of my keyboard. Let us discuss ESD in general and how we can protect our electronic devices from it.
Protecting Keyboards from Electrostatic Discharge…
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无论您是在体育场的巨型屏幕上观看棒球比赛的动作回放、在大屏幕电视上观看电影，还是在笔记本电脑上播放视频，都期望获得高质量的视听 (AV) 体验。超高清串行数字接口 (UHD-SDI) 和高清多媒体接口 (HDMI) 是数字 AV 传输的两个标准。UHD-SDI 对通过同轴电缆或光纤传输未压缩和未加密的数字 AV 信号加以标准化。HDMI 是一种数字接口，用于将高清、高速数字多轨音频和未压缩视频信号从 HDMI 兼容源传输到视听显示器。尽管二者都可以将超高清 AV 信号从信号源传输到显示器，但 HDMI 更适合连接电脑、游戏机、蓝光/DVD 播放器、电视、投影仪等消费电子产品。 UHD-SDI 是专业室内/室外视频制作和电视广播等高端应用的首选，因为它支持远距离传输，并借助电缆两端的物理锁定机制实现可靠连接。UHD-SDI 同轴电缆可以将信号传输远达 300 英尺，而 HDMI 电缆即使在 50 英尺以内也会出现信号过渡衰减的问题。这两种接口可以通过 HDMI-SDI 或 SDI-HDMI 转换器一起使用。例如，如图 1 所示，HDMI 显示器用于 SDI 流的置信度监控，从而无需使用经过专门校准的 SDI 专用显示器。
Circuit Protection for HDMI-SDI/SDI-HDMI…
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The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) have published regulations that require all cars, SUVs, trucks, and vans to have rear-view visibility systems that started May 1, 2018. In fact, until recently, the rear-view camera was the only camera used in many car models and was considered an excellent safety feature. Modern vehicles have evolved significantly in the past few years, adopting innovative safety features that include blind-spot detection, surround-view monitoring, forward and rear collision warning, lane keep assistance, and autonomous parking assistance. These features utilize cameras and sensors to inform the driver about the car and its surroundings via the dashboard display. Now, there are at least six cameras present in high-end vehicles. There may be video display systems in cars like DVD players and TVs for passengers.
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自 20 世纪初成型以来，汽车行业经历了重大演变，进行了众多的创新、改变和优化。现代汽车具备复杂的功能，例如倒车摄像头、功能齐全的信息娱乐系统、智能手机底座、GPS 导航、蓝牙连接和其他高级功能。不仅如此，最新的一些车型还具备自动驾驶、前后碰撞检测、自动泊车功能。不难想象，车辆中使用的电子元件数量正在激增。同时，为容纳更多新元件，电子元件小型化也变得至关重要。
半导体行业正在生产集成电路 (IC) 的无引线封装，以便为大量电子元件腾出空间，并满足现代汽车的安全性和可靠性要求。行业遇到的一个大挑战是在后封装组装过程中，印刷电路板 (PCB) 上的焊点缺乏可见性。连接位于封装下方，从顶部和侧面均不可见。因此，无法确定 IC 是否与 PCB 充分焊牢。代工厂 (OEM) 一直在使用 X 射线机来检测不可靠的焊点，但这样既昂贵又耗时。
此外，这种方法也无法用于多层板或具有复杂布局和布线流程的电路板。每个车辆 PCB 都必须经过严格的自动视觉检查 (AVI) 后组装，以符合安全和可靠性标准。其目标是确保每个电气接头都充分焊接并且连接可靠。
One single connecting port's name that is ingrained in our life is Universal Serial Bus or USB in short. It doesn't matter if I am a tech-savvy person or a Luddite, I have to use USB in every aspect of my life. Forget about me; my mom, who doesn't even know it is called USB, uses this port several times a day to charge her mobile devices. USB became very popular due to its ease of use and fast data transfer rate. Within a little over two decades, almost all consumer electronics gadgets come with one or more USB interfaces, from laptops and cameras to smartphones and wearables. However, things have changed a lot since the introduction. USB specification has evolved over 25 years from USB 1.0 in 1996 to the most recent version, USB4®. Figure 1 below shows the evolution of USB standards with the corresponding data transmission rates.
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